GRAVITATIONAL ENERGY AND KINETIC ENERGY

The world we see is made of the world we don't see.

QUANTUM GRAVITY INTERPRETATION

EXOPHYSICS AND ENDOPHYSICS

Non-real locality or non-local reality?

SPACE CURVATURE AND NON-LOCALITY OF THE PARTICLE

Forward and backward information in Cramer's Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

The information in Quantum Network

Background Independent Loop Quantum Gravity

Kaluza-Klein theory

Spin network

Virtual particles in a Copenhagen interpretation

VACUUM ENERGY

The Casimir Effect and the van der Waals binding force

The Zero-point energy

The Unruh effect

Gravito-magnetism and Frame dragging

The Speed of light and vacuum permittivity

The Superconductivity

INERTIA

Mach's principle and vacuum network inertia

Vacuum polarization

MASS AND WEIGHT OF THE VACUUM

Filament Universe – Dark Energy distribution

Dark Energy – Dark Matter

Gravitation of the relativistic mass

MOND theory

Pioneer anomalous acceleration

Potential energy - kinetic energy transformation.

Time dilation

QUANTUM INFORMATION

Entangled state and EPR paradox

Decoherence

The Permanence of the Quantum Information

The sub-quantum computer

Cyclic events

The universe as a computer

Is there a program in the Universe's computer ?

BLACK HOLE – WHITE HOLE ?

Space recession

The Big Bounce in Loop Quantum Gravity

Luria's XVI century cosmology

In comparison with the mainstream Big Bang

A QUANTUM GRAVITY INTERPRETATION

THE WAVE OF MATTER AND THE CURVATURE OF SPACE.

A simplified example of the space curvature in Quantum Gravity

ABSTRACT

Bell's theorem rejects simultaneous reality and locality. The events in quantum physics may be local and non-real (Copenhagen interpretation) or non-local and real (Transactional Interpretation, Loop Gravity, Quantum Decoherence). Michelson-Morley experiment rejected an aether, but there is a non-local entangled interaction. How space is bent in General Relativity if there is nothing? What mediates a time dilation?

Do not fear, let us search for space!

Let us assume that we don't know what space is, but that it may have some properties. There is a non-local wavy entangled interaction along the Vacuum Network, and it may create a Planck's length contraction for each oscillation of the particle. A Vacuum Network built of the virtual particles-antiparticles is a dynamical medium for electromagnetic interaction and causes a global curvature of the space-time. The virtual particle-antiparticle appears in a very short time period of the interaction oscillation between two real particles, and therefore may be polarized as well.

Time does not exist on the fundamental quantum level – it appears later as a geometrical configuration of the Vacuum Network – a measurement of the motion.

According to the Vacuum Network and Permanence of the Quantum Information we show a deterministic characteristic of the Quantum Mechanic. This is in opposition to the probabilistic view of the Copenhagen Interpretation. The quantum information is written down in the space that interacts due to a Program of the Universe's Wave Function.

EXOPHYSICS AND ENDOPHYSICS

Non-real locality or non-local reality?

Endophysics literally means “physics from within”. It is the study of how observations are affected and limited by the observer being within the universe. This is in contrast with the common exophysics assumption of a system observed from “outside”. The term endophysics has been coined by David Finkelstein in a letter to the founder of the field, Otto E Roessler.

Exophysics is the basis of the standard Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. In endophysics, on the other hand, observers and systems are all part of a greater whole.

One essential difference between exophysics and endophysics lies in the meaning of information acquisition and storage. In exophysics, whenever something is measured in a system, the information is registered in some form of memory carried by the observer. The nature of the memory is rarely, if ever, discussed in exophysics, whereas it becomes crucial in endophysics to explain in what sense endophysic observers „record” measurements.

Another consequence arises when we explain how the classical world that we see on macroscopical scale could arise from a purely quantum theory (the problem of emergence).

http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0401006v1

In most of the conventional interpretations, such as the version of the Copenhagen interpretation where the wave function is not assumed to have a direct physical interpretation of reality, it is realism that is rejected. The actual definite properties of a physical system "do not exist" prior to the measurement and the wave function has a restricted interpretation as nothing more than a mathematical tool used to calculate the probabilities of experimental outcomes, which is in agreement with positivism in philosophy as the only topic that science should discuss.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_locality

String Theory is an approximate calculation of the reality that arises from a probabilistic appearance.

The strings of string theory are assumed to be one-dimensional oscillating lines, but they are no longer considered fundamental to the theory, which can be formulated in terms of points or surfaces too.

String theory is of interest to many physicists because of the mathematical consistency involved and because of the large number of forms that the theories can take. String theory strongly suggests that space/time has eleven dimensions, as opposed to the usual three space and one time dimensions, but the theory can easily describe universes with four observable space/time dimensions as well.

Although string theory is an outgrowth of physics, some contend that string theory's current un-testable status means that it should be classified as more a mathematical framework for building models as opposed to a physical theory. For a theory to be included in physics, it must be corroborated empirically through experiment and observation, but few avenues for such contact with experiment have been claimed.

A separate and older criticism of string theory is that it is background dependent — string theory describes perturbative expansions about fixed space/time backgrounds.

Some see background independence as a fundamental requirement of the theory of quantum gravity, particularly since General Relativity is already background independent. Some hope that M-theory, or a non-perturbative treatment of string theory (string field theory was thought to be non-perturbative in the 1980s) will have a background-independent formulation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

In physics, nonlocality is a direct influence of one object upon another distant object, in violation of the principle of locality. In classical physics, nonlocality in the form of action at a distance appeared in corpuscular theories, and later disappeared in field theories. Action at a distance is incompatible with relativity. In quantum physics nonlocality reappeared in the form of entanglement. The physical reality of entanglement has been demonstrated experimentally together with the absence of local hidden variables. Entanglement is compatible with relativity; however, it prompts some of the more philosophically oriented discussions concerning quantum theory. A more general nonlocality beyond quantum entanglement, but still compatible with relativity, is an active field of theoretical investigation, but has yet to be observed.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-local

SPACE CURVATURE AND NONLOCALITY OF THE PARTICLE

Forward and backward information in Cramer's Transactional Interpretation

Cramer's Transactional Interpretation proposed in 1986 is like a Copenhagen Interpretation with a decoherence approach and uses the de Broglie oscillation of the particle. More recently Cramer has also argued TI to be consistent with the Afshar experiment, while the Copenhagen Interpretation and Many World Interpretation are not.

The basic element of TI is the transaction describing a quantum event as an exchange of advanced and retarded waves, as implied by the work of Wheeler and Feynman, Dirac, and others. The TI is explicitly nonlocal and thereby consistent with recent tests of the Bell Inequality, yet is relativistically invariant and fully causal. A detailed comparison of the TI and CI is made in the context of well known quantum mechanical gedanken experiments and "paradoxes". The TI permits quantum mechanical wave functions to be interpreted as real waves physically present in space rather than as "mathematical representations of knowledge" as in the CI. The TI is shown to provide insight into the complex character of the quantum mechanical state vector and the mechanism associated with its "collapse". The TI also leads in a natural way to justification of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and the Born probability law, basic elements of the CI.

http://www.npl.washington.edu/npl/int_rep/tiqm/TI_toc.html

The transactional interpretation (TI) describes quantum interactions in terms of a standing wave formed by retarded (forward-in-time) and advanced (backward-in-time) waves.

The existence of both advanced and retarded waves as admissible solutions to Maxwell's equations was proposed by R.Feynman and J.A. Wheeler in 1945 (cited in original paper by J. Cramer). They used the idea to solve the problem of the self energy of an electron. Cramer revived their idea of two waves for his transactional interpretation of quantum theory. While the ordinary Schroedinger equation does not admit advanced solutions, its relativistic version does, and these advanced solutions are the ones used by TI.

In TI, the source emits a usual (retarded) wave forward in time, but it also emits an advanced wave backward in time; furthermore, the receiver also emits an advanced wave backward in time and a retarded wave forward in time. The phases of these waves are such that the retarded wave emitted by the receiver cancels the retarded wave emitted by the sender, with the result that there is no net wave after the absorption point. The advanced wave emitted by the receiver also cancels the advanced wave emitted by the sender, so that there is no net wave before the emitting point either. In this interpretation, the collapse of the wavefunction does not happen at any specific point in time, but is "atemporal" and occurs along the whole transaction, and the emission/absorption process is time-symmetric. The waves are seen as physically real, rather than a mere mathematical device to record the observer's knowledge as in some other interpretations of quantum mechanics.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional_interpretation

A simple modification will be if the wavefunction represent just a quantum information. It is not a physical substance but just a fundamental property creating space and time.

Quantum entanglement of many properties (localization, spin) shows a particle of a matter then.

The quantum event is in the moment of the wavefunction collapse and there is virtual particle-antiparticle created. This wavefunction collapse has its consequences:

1. Time dilation of Planck's time

2. Length contraction of Planck's length.

Here is a simple illustration:

Time dilation causes a loss of the length , a length contraction = Planck's time x speed of light = Planck's length.

lp = Tp * c

Time dilation:

Planck's time squared / alfa *oscillation time part(1)*(2) = Gravity/EM

Tp / (-a)^1/2 T(1) * Tp / (-a)^1/2 T(2) = Fg / Fe

and length contraction:

Planck's length squared / alfa*de Broglie wave length (1)*(2) =Gravity/EM

lp / (-a)^1/2 l(1) * lp / (-a)^1/2 l(2) = Fg / Fe

where:

lp * lp – Planck length squared = hG/c³

Tp - Planck's time http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_length

l ₍₁₎ , l ₍₂₎ – de Broglie waves length l= h/p

T(1) , T(2) -de Broglie time of the oscillation of the particle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie_hypothesis

a – alfa=ke² /hc http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_structure_constant

Fg – Gravitational Newton interaction=Gm1 m2 /r² http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation

Fe -Electrostatic Coulomb interaction=ke² /r² http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb's_law

This standing wave of the informational background creates our visible space-time.

Without the virtual particles (informational wavefunction collapse) the information from a particle to particle would be immediately (no time dilation).

Informational wave collapse causes a tension (+) and (-) which may create real particle-antiparticle when the magnetic moment separate them faster than it annihilate.

Information in vacuum network

The main assumption in network space of the QLG is that virtual particles always appear along a line with the virtual antiparticles. They cannot be separated. A separation is for real particles only.

A virtual particle-antiparticle cannot disappear when they annihilate. The virtual particle appears in another virtual pair, or it may be absorbed by a real particle. The virtual particle cannot move – it appears in a point of tension between two oscillating real particles in the points along a line of vacuum network from one real particle to another.

The emitter can be considered a producer of an "offer" wave that travels to the absorber. The absorber then returns a "confirmation" wave to the emitter, and the transaction is completed with a "handshake" across space/time.

But this is only the sequence of events from the point of view of pseudo-time. In reality, the process is atemporal; it happens all at once. This is because, as Einstein explained with his special theory of relativity, signals that travel at the speed of light take no time at all to complete any journey -- in effect, for all light signals, every point in the Universe is next door to every other point in the Universe. Whether the signals are traveling backwards or forwards in time doesn't matter, since they take zero time (in their own frame of reference), and +0 is the same as -0 -; and, all of the quantum probability waves do travel at the speed of light.

The situation is more complicated in three dimensions, but the conclusions are exactly the same. This interpretation makes no predictions that are different from those of conventional quantum mechanics, but it provides a conceptual model that helps many people to think clearly about what is going on in the quantum world. It means that when an electron is faced with a choice of two holes to go through, the offer goes through both holes but the handshake comes back only through one, so it knows where to go; and in Renninger's experiment, the particle setting out from the radioactive nucleus has already made its handshake and knows in which hemisphere it will end up. There is no longer any mystery about the quantum mysteries -- provided you can live with waves that go backward in time.

http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/John_Gribbin/quantum.htm

A VIRTUAL PHOTON is a distortion (length contraction=Planck's length) of the vacuum because of the real particle oscillation due to the de Broglie wave length. It consists of virtual particle-antiparticle. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virtual_pairs_near_electron.png

GRAVITATIONAL interaction is a gradient of the Planck's length contractions in the vacuum network (space) due to the oscillation of the real particles.

ELECTROSTATIC interaction is a gradient of the virtual particle-antiparticle polarization in the vacuum network (space) due to charged real particles.

A REAL PHOTON is a change in the background network wave length caused by a change of the oscillation frequency of the real particle when it absorbs or emits a quant of energy (real photon).

A change in the vacuum network because of the gravitational field of the massive object does not change the energy of the real photon. There is a change in the space curvature (time dilation in General Relativity).

Absorption > emission – acceleration of the oscillation, and the velocity of the particle increases

For example, an electron at rest (zero temperature) absorbs and emits a virtual particle-antiparticle from the background gravitational field. That way, a hydrogen atom cannot be frozen.

The electron has an intrinsic angular momentum of spin ¹⁄2 as measured in units of ħ, and an intrinsic magnetic moment along its spin axis. The magnitude of the spin is ^√3⁄2ħ. A measurement of its component along any axis can only be ±^ħ⁄2; this property is usually stated by referring to the electron as a spin-¹⁄2 particle.

In classical physics, the angular momentum and magnetic moment of an object depends upon its physical dimensions. Hence, the concept of a dimensionless electron possessing these properties is unclear. A possible explanation lies in the formation of virtual photons in the electric field generated by the electron. These photons cause the electron to shift about in a jittery fashion (known as zitterbewegung, which results in a net circular motion with precession. This motion produces both the spin and the magnetic moment of the electron. In atoms, this creation of virtual photons explains the Lamb shift observed in spectral lines.

A comparable shielding effect is seen for the mass of the electron. The equivalent rest energy consists of the mass-energy of the "bare" particle plus the energy of the surrounding electric field. In classical physics, the energy of the electric field is dependent upon the size of the charged object, which, for a dimensionless particle, results in an infinite energy. Instead, because of vacuum fluctuation, allowance must be made for an electron–positron pair appearing in the electric field and the positron annihilating the original electron. This causes the virtual electron to become a real electron via the emitted photon. This interaction creates a negative energy imbalance that counteracts the radius-dependency of the electric field. The total mass is referred to as the renormalized mass, because a mathematical technique called renormalization is used by physicists to relate the observed and bare mass of the electron. This method replaces the terms used to compute the mass with the actual mass found experimentally, thereby avoiding problems with divergences in the formulas.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

Background independent Loop Quantum Gravity

In 1986 Abhay Ashtekar reformulated Einstein's field equations of general relativity, using what has come to be known as Ashtekar variables, which is a particular flavor of the Einstein-Cartan theory with a complex connection. In 1988 Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin used this formulation to introduce the loop representation of quantum general relativity, which was soon developed by Ashtekar, Rovelli, Smolin and many others. In the Ashtekar formulation, the fundamental objects are a rule for parallel transport (technically, a connection) and a coordinate frame (called a vierbein) at each point. Because the Ashtekar formulation was background-independent, it was possible to use Wilson loops as the basis for a nonperturbative quantization of gravity.

Around 1990, Carlo Rovelli and Lee Smolin obtained an explicit basis of states of quantum geometry that turned out to be labeled by Penrose's spin networks, and showed that the geometry is quantized, that is, the (non-gauge-invariant) quantum operators representing area and volume have a discrete spectrum. In this context, spin networks arose as a generalization of Wilson loops that is necessary to deal with mutually intersecting loops.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity

Strings and loop gravity may not necessarily be competing theories: there might be a sort of complementarity, at least methodological, between the two. Indeed, the open problems of string theory mostly concern its background-independent formulation, while loop quantum gravity is precisely a set of techniques for dealing with background-independent theories. Perhaps the two approaches might even, to some extent, converge. Undoubtedly, there are similarities between the two theories: first of all is the obvious fact that both theories utilize the idea that the relevant excitations at the Planck scale are one-dimensional objects – loops and strings.

However, there are also key differences: in an image, strings are one-dimensional objects moving in space, while loops are one-dimensional objects forming space.

http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2008-5/

The wave function is really there but non-local. It doesn't collapse at the measurement, but remains behind, still existing.

The De Broglie wave length of the particle due to Heisenberg uncertainty principle is distributed as in a harmonic oscillator.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_harmonic_oscillator

The relation of the Planck's length/de Broglie wave length (as in the above) suggests a direct connection between Schroedinger's wave equation of the particle and gravitational interaction.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation

De Broglie wave is created by an oscillation in the particle, and Planck's length is a distortion of the space (length contraction) due to this oscillation in the particle.

This shows an approximated wavy structure of the space (vacuum) alone.

In QLG the space itself oscillates. The (+) charge indicates distortion of the space in a higher compact dimension, and the (-) charge indicates the opposite direction of the higher compact dimension. The charges here have a geometrical meaning only. There is tension between (+) and (-) distortion, but it cannot disappear at the moment of annihilation because Planck's length contraction moves like a wave with the speed of light.

-+++++++++++-++++- the line of a vacuum network

+ is a neutral virtual photon consisting of a virtual particle (-) and a virtual antiparticle (+)

+ is a real particle charged (+)

- is a real particle charged (-)

a neutron is a neutral real particle consisting of real charged quarks.

++ ++ ++ ++ the empty spaces create the real photons moving in the vacuum network with a wave length equal to the distortion of the space (virtual photons). The real photon makes an additional length contraction. It is like a modulation frequency (real photon) on the carrier frequency (virtual photons of the vacuum network).

Virtual photons do not move, just as the electrons do not move in an electric conductor. They exist during the time of the interaction of the de Broglie wave of the real particles (a product of the amplitude in the above main equation). The virtual photons are polarized and Feynman called this a borrowed particle. They do carry an electromagnetic interaction because of their polarization.

A virtual particle is just a non-local part of the real particle in space.

Schroedinger's wave function shows many aspects of a state of incomplete knowledge or information ("bit"): (1) it is usually defined on a space of classical configurations, (2) its generic entanglement is, therefore, analogous to statistical correlations, and (3) it determines probabilities of measurement outcomes. Nonetheless, quantum superpositions (such as represented by a wave function) define individual physical states ("it"). This conceptual dilemma may have its origin in the conventional operational foundation of physical concepts, successful in classical physics, but inappropriate in quantum theory because of the existence of mutually exclusive operations (used for the definition of concepts). In contrast, a hypothetical realism, based on concepts that are justified only by their universal and consistent applicability, favors the wave function as a description of (thus nonlocal) physical reality. The (conceptually local) classical world then appears as an illusion, facilitated by the phenomenon of decoherence, which is consistently explained by the very entanglement that must dynamically arise in a universal wave function.

http://www.zeh-hd.de/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_Interpretation

The Loop Quantum Gravity is experimentally supported by tests in Vacuum space.

The minimal Zero Point Energy of the oscillated space according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is E=hf/2. The empty space doesn't exist at all in physics.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_oscillations

In cosmology, zero-point energy offers an intriguing possibility for explaining the speculative positive values of the proposed cosmological constant. In brief, if the energy is "really there", then it should exert a gravitational force. In general relativity, mass and energy are equivalent; both produce a gravitational field.

One obvious difficulty with this association is that the zero-point energy of a vacuum is absurdly large if the virtual particles are independent point particles. The vacuum energy is mathematically infinite without renormalization, which is based on the assumption that we can only measure energy in a relative sense, which is not true if we can observe it indirectly via the cosmological constant for the whole Universe.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological_constant

One must argue that new physics takes over at the Planck scale, and so its growth is cut off at that point.

There aren't separate charged particles. A virtual particle together with a virtual antiparticle create a neutral virtual photon, which may be polarized. A real photon is neutral and cannot be polarized. There isn't an infinite force between a virtual particle-antiparticle. A zero distance doesn't exist in Quantum Mechanic. The energy of the virtual photon is a tiny fraction of the energy that we need to separate a virtual particle-antiparticle (that is, to create a real particle-antiparticle).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy

The Kaluza-Klein theory

Theodor Kaluza extended general relativity to a five-dimensional space/time. In 1926, Oskar Klein proposed that the fourth spatial dimension is curled up in a circle with a very small radius, so that a particle moving a short distance along that axis would return to where it began. The distance a particle can travel before reaching its initial position is said to be the size of the dimension. This extra dimension is a compact set, and the phenomenon of having a space-time with compact dimensions is referred to as compactification.

The base space of Kaluza–Klein theory need not be four-dimensional space-time; it can be any (pseudo) Riemannian manifold, or even a supersymmetric manifold, or orbifold, or even a noncommutative space.

For example, on the simplest of principles, one might expect to have standing waves in the extra compactified dimension(s). If an extra dimension is of radius R, the energy of such a standing wave would be E = nhc / R with n an integer, h being Planck's constant and „c” the speed of light. This set of possible energy values is often called the Kaluza–Klein tower.

The general equations can be shown to be sufficiently consistent with classical tests of general relativity, and to be acceptable on physical principles, while still leaving considerable freedom to also provide interesting cosmological models.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang-Mills_theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall-Sundrum_model

Spin network

A spin network, as described in Penrose 1971, is a kind of diagram in which each line segment represents the word line of a "unit" (either an elementary particle or a compound system of particles). Three line segments join at each vertex. A vertex may be interpreted as an event in which either a single unit splits into two, or two units collide and join into a single unit. Diagrams whose line segments are all joined at vertices are called closed spin networks. Time may be viewed as going in one direction, such as from the bottom to the top of the diagram, but for closed spin networks the direction of time is irrelevant to calculations.

In loop quantum gravity (LQG), a spin network represents a "quantum state" of the gravitational field on a 3-dimensional hypersurface. The set of all possible spin networks (or, more accurately, „s-knots” - that is, equivalence classes of spin networks underdiffeomorfism) is countable; it constitutes a basis of LQG Hilbert space.

Spin networks have been applied to the theory of quantum gravity by Carlo Rovelli, Lee Smolin, Jerzy Lewandowski and others. They can also be used to construct a particular functional on the space of connections that is invariant under local gauge transformations.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_network

A spin network is defined as a diagram (like a Feynman diagram) that makes a basis for connections between the elements of a differentiable manifold for the Hilbert space defined over them. Any evolution of spin network provides a spin foam over a manifold of one dimension higher than the dimensions of the corresponding spin network. A spin foam may be viewed as a quantum history.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_foam

Our observations are always relative – we do not observe the background, but we observe changes in the background.

Because of the momentum conservation laws, the creation of a pair of fermions (matter particles) out of a single photon cannot occur. However, matter creation is allowed by the momentum conservation law when in the presence of another particle (it may be another photon or other boson, or even a fermion) it can share the photon's momentum. Thus, for example, matter can be created out of two photons (this is the process inverse to annihilation).

A split space as virtual particles-antiparticles do carry a Vacuum Energy. To get a real particle we have to split.

If every quantum loop consists of two parallel opposite loops (one going forward in time, one going backward in time), then every event consists of a little bit of the past and little bit of the future.

The future = a loop of the past + decoherence from the Universe + Dark Energy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_creation

Virtual particles in Copenhagen interpretation

In Copenhagen interpretation there is no clear distinction between a virtual and a real photon. Their virtual photon is a neutral, unpolarized imaginary particle independent of all other particles. It may appear, disappear and travel from one particle to another in an empty space. It may hit, interfere, or create tension and a force.

The electrostatic interaction between charges in Copenhagen interpretation:

The photon doesn't "know" whether it will hit a particle of the same charge as the one that emitted it, or a particle of the opposite charge.  The distinction between attraction and repulsion actually arises when the effect of the virtual photon interferes with the unperturbed wave function!  In general, the distinction comes from interference between the contributions from odd and even numbers of virtual photons traveling from one particle to the other.  Each such photon multiplies a factor of the product of the two charges into its contribution to the wave function; thus, the odd processes will get a factor of -1 from this product (times other things, of course) if the charges are different, and +1 if they are alike, but the even processes will get a factor of +1 in either case.  The interference between "odd" and "even" terms in the wave function yields effects that survive even upon squaring the amplitude to get a probability.  In the discussion above, by limiting the consideration to short time periods, I have been able to ignore everything but the no-photon and one-photon processes.

This interference, with the amplitude for photon collision increasing smoothly with time, is also part of the reason why you can regard a stately and continuous thing such as the evolution of a wave packet as the result of violent particle-collision events.  As discordant as these phenomena may seem, they are actually two sides of the same coin.  In the classical realm we don't see the spreading of the wave functions, but we do see this gradual net change in momentum, and this is what we call a force.

http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Quantum/virtual_particles.html

VACUUM ENERGY

The Casimir effect

In modern terms, the concept of "vacuum" is not the same as "empty space", as all of space is filled with the quantized fields that make up a universe. Vacuum is simply the lowest possible energy state of these fields, a very different concept than "empty".

The vacuum energy results in the existence of most (if not all) of the fundamental forces - and thus in all of the effects involving these forces also. This is observed in various experiments (like the spontaneous emission of light or gamma radiation, the Casimir effect, Van der Waals bonds, the Lamb shift, etc); and it is thought (but not yet demonstrated) to have consequences for the behavior of the Universe on cosmological scales.

At separations of 10 nm (about a hundred times the typical size of an atom) the Casimir force effect produces the equivalent of 1 atmosphere of pressure. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

Zero-point energy

The zero-point energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may possess, and is the energy of the ground state of the system. The concept of zero-point energy was proposed by Einstein and Stern in 1913, which they originally called "residual energy" or Nullpunktsenergie. In quantum field theory, it is a synonym for the vacuum energy, an amount of energy associated with the vacuum of empty space. In cosmology, the vacuum energy is taken to be the origin of the cosmological constant.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy

Unruh-Davies effect

The Unruh effect is the prediction that an accelerating observer will observe black-body radiation where an inertial observer would observe none. In other words, the background appears to be warm from an accelerating reference frame. The quantum state which is seen as ground state for observers in inertial systems is seen as a thermodynamic equilibrium for the uniformly accelerated observer.

The Unruh effect also causes the decay rate of accelerated particles to differ from inertial particles. Stable particles like the proton have nonzero decay rates when accelerated

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unruh_effect

Gravitomagnetism and frame dragging

This approximate reformulation of gravitation as described by general relativity makes a "fictitious force" appear in a frame of reference that is different from a moving, gravitating body. By way of analogy with electromagnetism, this fictitious force is called the gravitomagnetic force, since it arises in the same way that a moving electric charge creates a magnetic field, the analogous "fictitious force" in special relativity. The main consequence of the gravitomagnetic force, or acceleration, is that a free-falling object near a massive rotating object will itself rotate.

This also means that light traveling in the direction of rotation of the object will move around the object faster than light moving against the rotation, as seen by a distant observer (Sagnac effect). It is now the best-known effect, partly thanks to the Gravity Probe B experiment.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitomagnetism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame-dragging

Gravitational interaction (tides on the Earth caused by the Moon) transfers kinetic energy from Earth to the Moon, slowing Earth's rotation and raising the Moon's orbit, currently at a rate of 3.8 centimeters per year. http://www.freemars.org/jeff/planets/Luna/Luna.htm

The speed of light depends on the permittivity of the vacuum

Vacuum permittivity e (also called the permittivity of free space or the electric constant) is the ratio D/E in a vacuum. From these equations we find that the speed of light is related to the inverse of the square root of the permittivity of free space and the permeability of free space.

c²=1/

where “ is the permittivity of the vacuum = 8, 854 *10 ^-12 F/m²

and “ is the permeability of the vacuum = 12,56 * 10^-7 N/A²

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivity

Is the speed of light in a space without virtual particles higher, until it reaches infinity?

Superconductivity

The interaction of an electric current with a polarized vacuum may explain the remarkable drop of resistance.

The resistance of a superconductor drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its „critical temperature". An electric current flowing in a loop of superconducting wire can continue indefinitely with no power source. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It cannot be understood simply as the idealization of „perfect conductivity" in classical physics.

Since the discovery of superconductivity, great efforts have been devoted to finding out how and why it works. During the 1950s, physicists studying theoretical condensed matter arrived at a solid understanding of "conventional" superconductivity through a pair of remarkable and important theories: the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau theory (1950) and the microscopic BCS theory (1957). Generalizations of these theories form the basis for understanding the closely related phenomenon of super fluidity because they fall into the Lambda transition universality class, but the extent to which similar generalizations can also be applied to unconventional superconductors is still controversial.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivity

INERTIA

Mach's principle and vacuum network inertia

Newton believed that inertia is an innate property of matter that manifests itself whenever matter accelerates (this includes rotation) relative to absolute space. Space, being empty, provides no reference against which a body can be said to accelerate. How can something move with respect to nothingness?

Mach, Einstein and others sought a mechanism to explain how a rotating body might experience a centrifugal force as a result of some sort of interaction with all of the distant matter in the universe. A clue came from the theory of gravitation; after all, centrifugal force is sometimes called artificial gravity. Could it really be that the child riding the roundabout is being tugged at by far-flung galaxies?

Mach's principle faced a thorny problem.

Viewed from the roundabout, it is the rest of the universe that is rotating. We know that when electric charges circulate around a loop, the resulting electric current produces a magnetic field. Could it be that the apparent rotation of the universe produces a gravitational version of a magnetic force that plucks at the clinging child? To test the idea, Einstein considered a small body at rest inside a rotating shell of material in otherwise empty space. Using his theory of relativity, he calculated what would happen. It turns out that the body should indeed feel a tiny gravito-magnetic force.

Further evidence in favor of Mach's principle comes from cosmology. If rotational motion is purely relative, then it is clearly nonsensical to talk about the rotation of the universe as a whole, for with respect to what would it rotate? In Newton's theory, it is entirely possible for the entire cosmos to spin about some axis. Given that almost all astronomical systems are observed to rotate to some extent, we might expect, if Newton is right, to observe a universal rotation too.

Astronomers find no evidence for a systematic rotation of the universe. Their observations imply that the universe cannot have turned by even one degree since the big bang. If rotation is absolute, the absence of a universal rotation seems to be a very special and contrived state of affairs. However, if as Mach claimed it is relative, then the observations are explained.

Leibniz and Mach proceeded from the assumption that space is simply emptiness, so it cannot provide "landmarks" against which to gauge motion. However, physicists have discovered that what might appear to be a vacuum is in fact far from empty in the ordinary sense of the word. It is teeming with invisible activity. According to the predictions of quantum physics, even a perfect vacuum plays host to a myriad of short-lived (or virtual) subatomic particles. These ghostly entities appear spontaneously and exist only fleetingly before fading away again. Experiments confirm that this invisible sea of virtual particles is no mere theorist's fiction: it leaves measurable traces.

Bernhard Haisch of the Lockheed company in Palo Alto, California and collaborators Harold Puthoff and Alfonso Rueda, have appealed to this evanescent "vacuum stuff" that pervades all of space to give an ingenious account of the origin of inertial forces. Their theory is based on calculations performed in the mid-1970s by William Unruh of the University of British Columbia and, independently, by Paul Davies.

This is the essence of the new theory. To support it, Haisch and his associates have calculated the effect of the quantum vacuum on an accelerating body consisting of electronically charged particles bound together, and found that it takes the form of a force that opposes the acceleration. The strength cannot be extracted from the calculation, but the authors surmise that it is precisely the electron's inertial force. This is, in turn, determined by the body's mass. Thus, the mass of an object is attributed to the way that it senses the sea of invisible quantum that surround it.

Mach rejected acceleration relative to invisible space. By extending our senses through technology we can expose otherwise invisible entities and find new physical mechanisms. Quantum technology confirms that space is not mere emptiness. Its shadowy contents may provide a way to explain the very concrete force of inertia.

http://www.padrak.com/ine/INERTIA.html

A new approach to quantum gravity called Electro-Magnetic Quantum Gravity (EMQG) is described. It is manifestly compatible with Cellular Automata (CA) theory (ref. 1), and is based on a new theory of inertia (ref. 5) proposed by R. Haisch, A. Rueda, and H. Puthoff (which we modified and called Quantum Inertia). They show that Newtonian Inertia is due to the strictly local electromagnetic force interactions of matter (quantum particles) with the surrounding charged virtual particles of the quantum vacuum. http://digitalphysics.org/Publications/Ostoma-Trushyk/EMQG/

The spin of the particle is a visible picture of the interaction of the particle with the vacuum network background. The particle absorbs and emits the virtual particle-antiparticle from the space and oscillates as a result of this absorption and emission. An increase of the oscillations needs an increase of the absorption, hence energy.

The spin of the particle is a picture of the local space curvature. We can use this clock to measure an exact time in our local space.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

Vacuum polarization

In QLG the space may be polarized by a real charge because the space is split into the virtual particles-antiparticles pairs in the neutral virtual photons with a certain wave length due to vacuum energy. It is the main difference in Copenhagen interpretation where photons are borrowed or appear, and disappear independently of other virtual particles.

In quantum field theory, and specifically in quantum electrodynamics, vacuum polarization describes a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual electron-positron pairs that change the distribution of charges and currents that are generated by the original electromagnetic field. It is also sometimes referred to as the self energy of the gauge boson (photon). Vacuum polarization was observed experimentally in 1997 using the TRISTAN particle accelerator in Japan.

We remember that vacuum polarization doesn't mean a virtual particles-antiparticles separation. The separation needs much more energy (the creation and annihilation of the particle).

Polarized virtual particle-antiparticle (virtual photons) mediate the electromagnetic interaction. It is like in an electric conductor where the valence of the electrons mediates the electrostatic interaction.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_polarization

For example, an electron with a charge (-) distribution along a de Broglie wave length  absorbs a virtual antiparticle (+) from the vacuum and emits a virtual particle (-). In this moment the old electron is neutralized by the (+) virtual antiparticle and the virtual particle (-) becomes a real electron. This annihilation is not observable because the energy h/2 is immediately absorbed by the next virtual photon as it creates the particle and antiparticle. We observe only the charge surplus (-) oscillating and spinning around according to vacuum polarization and network density. The electron cannot stay at rest in a vacuum.

This causes an oscillating movement towards a real (+) particle along a loop of polarized vacuum due to the de Broglie wave length. Because a virtual photon consists of a virtual particle-antiparticle, it causes a distortion of space due to length contraction along a loop of network of Planck's length p. This way we have electromagnetic interaction and gravitational interaction due to an imaginary amplitude of the wave function = i * p/

The probability of the interaction in space is equal to a product of the amplitudes of the interacting particles in a node of the network:

a(1)*a(2) = i * p/ * i * p/ = (-) p2/ Fg / Fe

There is (-) because i*i=-1. Oscillations of the particle, antiparticle, fermions, and bosons cause a (-) length contraction.

An electron creates a whirlpool of the virtual particles-antiparticles annihilations where there is one charged particle surplus. There is charge conservation. There is (+) and (-) charge created if the space is split.

http://library.thinkquest.org/19662/low/eng/electron-wave-exp.html

A proton is quite different than an electron. The proton is a complex particle, and because quarks exchange the gluons, its energy (mass) is much higher. This causes much denser fluctuations of the space.

A proton attracts an electron, but they don't annihilate – a proton is not an antiparticle.

One of many hypotheses is that there are electron-positron pairs created around the Black Hole Like Object. The BHLO possesses a strong gravitational field and a magnetic field as well because it spins around a certain axis. Such a field helps to separate electrons and positrons. According BHLO, spin positrons may collapse into a spinning object more than electrons, and they become (+) charged.

Some electrons are accelerated to a high energy and collide with each other to create a proton-antiproton pair. The antiproton (-) is attracted by the (+) charged BHLO and collapses to neutralize this (+) charge. This way particle-antiparticle creation around a Black Hole may separate matter and antimatter.

http://www.aspden.org/books/Asp/1988c.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_decay

The MASS AND WEIGHT OF THE VACUUM

Filament Universe – Dark Energy distribution

The structure of the Vacuum Network space is like a Filament of the Universe.

In physical cosmology, filaments are the largest known structures in the universe. They are thread-like structures with a typical length of 50 to 80 h^-1 megaparsecs that form the boundaries between large voids in the universe. Filaments consist of gravitationally-bound galaxies. The places where a large number of galaxies are very close to each other are called super-clusters.

In 2006, scientists announced the discovery of three filaments that are aligned to form the largest structure known to humankind. These filaments are composed of densely-packed galaxies and enormous blobs of gas known as Lyman alpha blobs.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_filament

Despite thousands of years of research, astronomers know next to nothing about how the universe is structured. One strong theory that is widely accepted is that large galaxies are clustered together on structures similar to giant soap bubbles, with tinier galaxies sprinkled on the surface of this "soapy" layer. Astronomers have uncovered what they believe are visible traces of a "filament" of dark matter -- an entity on which galaxies meet, cluster and form. A filament can originate at the junction of two "soap bubbles" where the thin membrane is thicker.

http://esciencenews.com/sources/science.daily/2008/10/21/filament.of.dark.matter.supports.bubbly.universe.theory.0

Dark Energy – Dark Matter

If Dark Energy is a Vacuum Energy of the network foam and relativistic mass of the kinetic energy of the matter, the Dark Matter effect is just a relative density distribution of the Dark Energy at the cosmic scale. The virtual particles appear in a very short time so we don't see radiation. They curve the space only, and we observe it as gravitational lensing.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lens

Gravitation of the relativistic mass

Dark Matter effect

If the Vacuum Network has a real structure and energy, it has to be heavy.

Observations (gravitational lensing) show the existence of an invisible mass. Recent experiments confirm that Newton’s Law is correct. A gravitational field like a photon gas is distributed around the baryon mass. Its density may vary with the altitude like the air around the Earth.

For example:

The density of the virtual plasma is inversely proportional to the distance from the center of mass. The local sphere density d=DR/r, where D is the average Universe's vacuum density (8.9x10^-27 kg/m³⁾, r is the radius of the local sphere, R is the Radius of the Observable Universe, is equal to c/H (speed of light/Hubble constant).

The anomalous Dark Matter acceleration a=GM/r², where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the vacuum inside the local sphere, and r is the radius of the local sphere.

The mass of the local sphere M=Vd =4.2r³Dc/Hr

The anomalous acceleration a=GM/r²=4.2Gr³Dc/Hr³ =4.2GDc/H=

a=3.25x10^-10 m/s²

where :

G=6.67x10^-11 m³/kgs²

D=8.9x10^-27 kg/m³

c=3x10⁸ m/s

H=71 km/s/Mpc=2.3x10^-18 /s

This acceleration may vary due to mass distribution and probably the distance from a mass centre. It is not a Universal constant. A local vacuum density d=DR/r is only a simple approximation.

Pioneer anomalous acceleration

When all known forces acting on two spacecraft are taken into consideration, a very small but unexplained force remains. It causes a constant sunward acceleration of (8.74 ± 1.33) × 10⁻¹⁰ m/s² for both spacecraft. Does a Vacuum network around our Sun reveal its weight?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_anomaly

WE CAN OBSERVE VACUUM ENERGY ON A COSMIC SCALE

A visible Dark Matter effect is shown by the „Bullet Clusters”. A difference in the Vacuum Network density on a large cosmic scale in the filament of the Universe appears when a very large mass is decelerated.

"The velocity of the bullet sub-cluster is not exceptionally high for a cluster substructure, and can be accommodated within the currently favored Lambda-CDM model cosmogony."

In an independent confirmation of the results from the Bullet Cluster, more recent observations of the cluster MACS J0025.4-1222 indicate that a titanic collision has separated the dark matter from the ordinary matter.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_cluster

MOND galactic acceleration

Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) is a theory that explains the galaxy rotation problem without assuming the existence of Dark Matter. Here, gravity is a modification of the pure geodesic curvature of the space.

Milgrom found a0=1.2×10^⁻¹⁰ ms^⁻².

Milgrom has noted that this value is also the acceleration that you get by dividing the speed of light by the lifetime of the Universe. If you start from zero velocity, with this acceleration you will reach the speed of light roughly in the lifetime of the universe.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Newtonian_dynamics

Potential energy - Kinetic energy transformation.

POTENTIAL ENERGY = THE VIRTUAL PARTICLES IN A VACUUM NETWORK

KINETIC ENERGY = THE OSCILLATION OF THE REAL PARTICLES

The kinetic energy of the particle is the virtual particles-antiparticles of the potential energy absorbed in the real particle.

A real particle absorbs virtual particles from the vacuum network, and this implies an increase of the oscillation if the absorption is faster than an emission. The relativistic mass of the particle also increases.

The relativistic mass may radiate out from a system and we observe it in binary neutron stars. The kinetic energy may be transformed in the Vacuum Energy via the Unruh-Davies process and radiate out as a gravitational wave.

The diffraction pattern of gravitational waves emitted by a binary system by a cluster of stars has also been analyzed. We note that this is only a preliminary-theoretical work that can acquire more interest in view of the next era of gravitational wave astronomy.

http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006astro.ph.11551L

The curvature of space near the Horizon Event of the Black Hole prevents a collapse into a super dense singularity.

Time dilation

According to general relativity, all moving systems are considered as moving clocks. Time dilation is the phenomenon whereby an observer finds that another clock that is physically identical to their own is ticking at a slower rate as measured by their own clock. This is often interpreted as time "slowing down" for the other clock, but this is only true in the context of the observer's frame of reference. Locally (i.e., from the perspective of any observer within the same frame of reference, without reference to another frame of reference), time always passes at the same rate. The time dilation phenomenon applies to any process that manifests change over time.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System

In QLG there is no mysterious interaction with time. It is a simple geometric relation. There is constant time of the real photon (light, information) interaction with a background vacuum network.

To determine speed (distance moved/time taken) you must first choose some standard of distance and time, and different choices can give different answers.  This is already true in special relativity: if you measure the speed of light in an accelerating reference frame, the answer will, in general, differ from c.

The causal structure of the universe is determined by the geometry of "null vectors".  Traveling at the speed c means following world-lines tangent to these null vectors.  The use of c as a conversion between units of meters and seconds, as in the SI definition of the meter, is fully justified on theoretical grounds as well as in practical terms, because c is not merely the speed of light. It is the fundamental feature of the geometry of space-time.

http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/speed_of_light.html

A muon decays after a certain number of its inner oscillations. A muon’s inner oscillation depends on its inner structure, and its components exchange information within the structure. When the muon moves through a vacuum network it has to additionally interact with this background. This interaction needs time. If a muon moves faster relative to the vacuum it needs more time to communicate with the network vacuum and the communication between the components of the muon's inner structure is disturbed. In this way the decay of the faster muon lasts longer. It is similar in a stronger gravitational field within a denser vacuum network.

http://www1.jinr.ru/Preprints/2004/004(E2-2004-4).pdf

AN EXAMPLE OF THE GEOMETRICAL DISTORTION

The relation of Planck's length contraction and the oscillation of the particle due to de Broglie wave length is similar to a circular segment. Our space is on the arc of a circular segment. The height of the segment is a charge - it may be (+) or (-). The energy (mass) causes the distortion so that an outer observer does see the chord length but not the arc of the circular segment. Each real particle causes such a distortion of the space for each of its rotation due to de Broglie wave.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_segment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_length

The oscillations are always inward – a chord is shorter than a circular segment. It is a nominal length after the rotation of the particle, but this distortion moves in space with the speed of light along a line of the network.

This causes a tension in the space because of the length contraction and space curvature.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress-energy-momentum_pseudotensor

The gradient of the density of the tension creates the GRAVITY. This way gravity isn't an interaction with a mediating particle, but just a distortion of the space (curvature) only.

QUANTUM INFORMATION

Decoherence

In quantum mechanics, quantum decoherence is the mechanism by which quantum systems interact with their environments to exhibit probabilistically additive behavior.

Decoherence does not provide a mechanism for the actual wave function collapse; rather it provides a mechanism for the appearance of wave function collapse. The quantum nature of the system is simply "leaked" into the environment so that a total superposition of the wave function still exists, — at least for all practical purposes — beyond the realm of measurement. Thus decoherence, as a philosophical interpretation, amounts to either the Bohmian mechanics or something similar to the many-worlds approach.

Consequently, decoherence is an important part of the modern alternative to the Copenhagen interpretation, based on consistent histories. Decoherence shows how a macroscopic system interacting with a lot of microscopic systems (e.g., collisions with air molecules or photons) moves from being in a pure quantum state — which in general will be a coherent superposition — to being in an incoherent mixture of these states.

Currently it appears that the idea of environmental decoherence, surely correct, should be complemented with some other mechanism for isolated quantum systems. Anyway, this is an open research problem and more results are to be expected in the future. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_decoherence

Decoherence is a consequence of quantum theory that affects virtually all physical systems, and arises from unavoidable interaction of these systems with their natural environment. This explains why macroscopic systems seem to possess their familiar classical properties.

No additional classical concepts are required for a consistent quantum description explains why certain microscopic objects ("particles") seem to be localized in space

There are no particles explains why microscopic systems are usually found in their energy eigenstates (and therefore seem to jump between them)/

There are no quantum jumps thus explains why there appeared to be contradictory levels of description in physics (classical and quantum)

There is but ONE basic framework for all physical theories: quantum theory.

This explains also how the Schrödinger equation of general relativity (the Wheeler-DeWitt equation) may describe the appearance of time in spite of being time-less.

There is no time at a fundamental level

is a direct consequence of the Schrödinger equation, but has nonetheless been essentially overlooked during the first 50 years of quantum theory

http://www.decoherence.de/

The permanence of the quantum information

The virtual particles-antiparticles in Copenhagen interpretation appear and disappear according to the uncertainty principle and there is no net energy of the empty space.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle

In QLG the virtual particles-antiparticles (vacuum network) can't appear or disappear. Since the quantum decoherence is no longer ignored, there are some fundamental theories preventing the creation and deletion of the quantum information.

• If it will be possible to delete an unknown quantum state, then using two pairs of EPR state we can send signals faster than light. Thus, the no-deleting theorem is consistent with the no-signaling condition.

• The no-cloning and the no-deleting theorems point to the conservation of quantum information.

• A stronger version of the no-cloning theorem and the no-deleting theorem provide permanence to quantum information. To create a copy, one must import the information from some part of the universe, and to delete a copy one needs to export it to other part of the universe where it will continue to exist.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_no-deleting_theorem

Together with the Pati–Braunstein no-deleting principle, this leads to a property of “permanence” for quantum information.

Considering no-cloning and no-deleting together (and excluding wave function collapse as a valid physical process), we see that quantum information (of non-orthogonal states) has a quality of “permanence”: Creation of copies can be achieved only by importing the information from some other part of the world where it had already existed; destruction (deletion of a copy) can be achieved only by exporting the information to some other part of the world where it must continue to exist. This property is different from the preservation of information by any reversible dynamics.

In the quantum (non-orthogonal) case, copying and deleting can only occur independently of the first copy, and then reversibility of dynamics implies that the information of the second copy must have already existed separately in the environment (for cloning) or continue to exist separately in the environment (for deletion).

In the spirit of Landauer's slogan “Information is physical!” we would declare “Physics is informational!”

http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/481/jozsa.html

..QED rests on the idea that charged particles (e.g., electrons and positrons) interact by emitting and absorbing photons, the particles that transmit electromagnetic forces. These photons are “virtual”; that is, they cannot be seen or detected in any way because their existence violates the conservation of energy and momentum.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/630179/virtual-photon

The sub-quantum computer

A quantum computer uses cubits and superposition to perform operations on data. A physical implementation of cubits may be photon, electron, or nucleus.

Is it possible to search a photon structure?

How is a quant made of energy?

Every particle is surrounded with a vacuum and its energy. A vacuum consists of the virtual particles-antiparticles in a neutral virtual plasma. This vacuum oscillates according to the oscillations of the energetic particle.

In this idea a gravitational field is made up of a vacuum – virtual particles-antiparticles.

Virtual particles are just distortions; i.e., wrinkles of space-time. We can't detect distortions of the space – we detect photons, the distortion in the vacuum.

There is a hierarchy of emptiness:

A. Basic empty Space.

B. Distortions of the Space – virtual particles-antiparticles - Vacuum – pure gravitational field (Quantum Gravity)

C. Distortions of the Vacuum – real particles like photon, electron – fields of the interactions (Quantum Mechanic)

The Quantum Computer uses real particles (photons, electrons) as cubits for the computation.

The Sub-quantum Computer uses Quantum Gravity (wrinkles of the space due to oscillation of the real particle).

This idea needs a strange medium of space, which may be distorted and curved.

The vacuum with its oscillating space creates a carrying frequency for the energetic particle like a photon. The photon behaves like a particle, it has its momentum and energy, but it is a distortion in the vacuum only (a photon can't posses its own mass) moving as a wave with a speed of light. The quant of the energy consists of a constant number of the wrinkles of the space (vacuum). We use a carrying frequency of the electric current to send a voice frequency by telephone. This way we observe a space recession in an expanding Universe, because vacuum is less dense than before (Hubble's cosmic red-shift).

The quant of the energy is carried by a subquant of the vacuum (space). For an inertial observer, the speed of light is constant because it passes in one second the same number of the virtual particles of the local vacuum (gravitational field). For the non inertial frame of reference, the density of the vacuum is different, and the speed of light is different. This way time slows down and the muon decays longer because the information inside the muon propagates slower in the dense vacuum. It is the same in a gravitational field as well as at relativistic velocity (GPS clocks).

This idea may be strange because it suggests the immediate propagation of the wrinkle of space (virtual particle-antiparticle) in a perfect empty space (outside of our observable universe?). The interaction (absorption, emission, annihilation, creation of the particle-antiparticle) needs time only. This may have something to do with a superposition and quantum entanglement, perhaps. Also, the phase velocity inside a photon may suggest this possibility.

We may observe energetic information only. We can't observe the wrinkles in space. We observe gravitational time dilation only when a photon has a longer wave length. The carrier frequency is relative to us only. What a pity.

According to Goedel's incompleteness theory we can't know a „Fundamental Absoluteness” because we are built of quantum energetic information, but there is a deeper level of the sub-quantum non-energetic carrier information.

Cyclic events

A family of methods that can describe the behavior of quantum ensembles and demonstrate the creation of nontrivial (meta) stable states (patterns), localized, chaotic, entangled or decoherent from basic localized modes in collective models, arises from the quantum hierarchy of Wigner-von Neumann-Moyal equations. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim).

http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/114084489/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0

A quantized structure of everything implies a cyclic reversal history.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_history

It is not so simple because of the decoherence on every level, and it does not explain the influence of Dark Energy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

Cyclic histories suffer also because of the Goedels incompleteness where every infinite set of systems has an infinite number of axioms.

Roughly speaking, for each theory T the corresponding Gödel sentence G asserts: "G cannot be proved within the theory T". If G were provable under the axioms and the rules of inference of T, then T would have a theorem, G, which effectively contradicts itself, and thus the theory T would be inconsistent. This means that if the theory T is consistent, then G cannot be proved within it. This means that G's claim about its own unprovability is correct; in this sense, G is not only unprovable, but true. Thus provability-within-the-theory-T is not the same as truth; theory T is incomplete.

It is possible to define a larger theory T' that contains the whole of T, plus G as an additional axiom. In this case, G is indeed a theorem in T' (trivially so, since it is an axiom). However, there will be a new Gödel statement G' for T', showing that T' is also incomplete. Each theory has its own Gödel statement.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorems

The universe as computer

Paul Davies proposes that the physics laws are more like computer software: they are programs being run on the great cosmic computer. They emerged with the universe at the big bang and are inherent in it, not stamped on it from without like a maker's mark.

Man-made computers are limited in their performance by finite processing speed and memory. So, too, the cosmic computer is limited in power by its age and the finite speed of light. Seth Lloyd, an engineer at MIT, has calculated how many bits of information the observable universe has processed since the big bang. The answer is one followed by 122 zeros. Crucially, however, the limit was smaller in the past because the universe was younger. Just after the big bang, when the basic properties of the universe were being forged, its information capacity was so restricted that the consequences would have been profound.

Paul Davies is director of Beyond, a research centre at Arizona State University, and author of The Goldilocks Enigma.

"In the study of anything outside human affairs, including the study of complexity, it is only simplicity that can be interesting." This is Steven Weinberg's credo ["Is the Universe a Computer?" NYR, October 24, 2002]. The main difficulty with this attitude is that it does not recognize that science itself is a human activity — whose aim is to answer our questions and whose content satisfies the human desire for understanding and explanation. We are necessarily separated from raw nature by our perceptual and cognitive limitations. The theories, and even the "laws" that we discover, are not identical with nature. They serve our purposes.

http://www.nybooks.com/articles/15986

Is there a program in the Universe's computer?

Quantum Loop Gravity does not necessarily contradict with the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanic. If the Copenhagen school assumes that there is nothing in space, every event has to appear from that nothing with a certain probability. Schroedinger's wave function is a mathematical tool to describe interactions on that level. The function has to collapse because it hasn't a background. This nothingness is a mystery which is not taken into account in their calculations. They use a time dimension to describe the change in the geometry of the space. How does time manipulate the geometry physically? Nobody knows.

In Quantum Loop Gravity there is a background but nobody knows what it is. They assume that there is something that changes the geometrical distances, and time dilation is a secondary phenomenon. The information is conserved in that background, and Schroedinger's wave function is a real picture of the information set. Every event is created from the eternal information and may be recorded for ever.

A question arises:

What is the program of the overall information, and what guides the Universe's Wave Function?

We have to remember that there is an interaction between the information settings. If the permanence of the quantum information is true and the information works together to create events, there has to be a program for it in our computer. This program is creative and wants to use all possibilities in its work. That our Universe is so diverse and not dull or boring demonstrates this.

The permanence of the information has another aspect. If it is recorded, it might be reproduced as well, like the deleted information in our computer. The quantum decoherence makes it difficult and almost impossible for us to reproduce the past just from the background space, but what is it doing with the Universe's Program?

BLACK HOLE - WHITE HOLE

Space recession

That space is undergoing metric expansion is shown by direct observational evidence of the Cosmological Principle and the Copernican Principle, which together with Hubble's law have no other explanation. Astronomical red-shifts are extremely isotropic and homogenous, which supports the Cosmological Principle that the universe looks the same in all directions, along with much other evidence. If the red-shifts were the result of an explosion from a center distant from us, they would not be so similar in different directions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

Additionally, scientists are confident that the theories that rely on the metric expansion of space are correct because they have passed the rigorous standards, particularly when physics calculations are performed based upon the current theories (including metric expansion). They appear to give results and predictions which, in general, agree extremely close with both astrophysical and particle physics observations.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_expansion_of_space

http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/uploads/approved/adt-NUN20050427.154539/public/01front.pdf

THE EXPANSION OF THE VACUUM

In the QLG theory our Universe is like an expanding Black Hole because of the Dark Energy supply from outside.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

Martin Bojowald, assistant professor of physics at Pennsylvania State University, published a study in July 2007 detailing the work that is somewhat related to loop quantum gravity. He claimed to mathematically solve the time before the Big Bang, which would give new weight to the oscillatory universe and Big Bounce theories.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bounce

New Black Hole ideas

In the new theory of the Black Hole there is a conservation of the information and a singularity does not exist.

For a long time Stephen Hawking had opposed such ideas, holding to his original 1975 position that the Hawking radiation is entirely thermal and therefore entirely random, containing none of the information held in the material that the hole had swallowed in the past; this information he reasoned had been lost. However, on July 21, 2004 he presented a new argument, reversing his previous position. On this new calculation, the entropy (and hence information) associated with the black hole escapes in the Hawking radiation itself.

Several alternative models that behave like a black hole but avoid the singularity have been proposed. However, most researchers judge these concepts artificial, as they are more complicated, but do not give near term observable differences from black holes. The most prominent alternative theory is the Gravastar.

In March 2005, physicist George Chapline proposed that black holes do not exist, and that objects currently thought to be black holes are actually dark energy stars. He draws this conclusion from some quantum mechanical analyses. Although his proposal currently has little support in the physics community, it was widely reported by the media. A similar theory about the non-existence of black holes was later developed by a group of physicists at Case Western Reserve University in June 2007.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole

A Black Hole absorbs the vacuum energy from the environment and this energy drives the inner motion of the Black Hole's matter like in a steam bulb. The vacuum network absorbs the virtual photons and the distance between real particles increases. A real photon moving on such a network becomes stretched and we observe a longer wave. It doesn't mean the object is moving in space but it moves with space. The space does carry the object itself.

Cosmological red-shift results from the expansion of space itself and not from the motion of an individual body.

For example, in a distant binary system it is theoretically possible to measure both a Doppler shift and a cosmological red-shift. The Doppler shift would be determined by the motions of the individual stars in the binary - whether they were approaching or receding at the time the photons were emitted. The cosmological red-shift would be determined by how far away the system was when the photons were emitted. The larger the distance to the system, the longer the emitted photons have traveled through expanding space, and the higher the measured cosmological red-shift.

It is easy to explain when the space is built of Vacuum network containing virtual photons as a background according to gravitational field.

http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/C/Cosmological+Redshift

Big Bounce in Loop Quantum Gravity

However, research in loop quantum cosmology purports to show that a previously existing Universe collapsed, not to the point of singularity, but to a point before that where the quantum effects of gravity become so strongly repulsive that the universe rebounds back out, forming a new branch. Throughout this collapse and bounce, the evolution is unitary.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bounce

A more recently proposed view of black holes might be interpreted as shedding some light on the nature of classical white holes. Some researchers proposed that when a black hole forms, a big bang occurs at the core, which creates a new universe that expands into extra dimensions outside of the parent universe.

The initial feeding of matter from the parent universe's black hole and the expansion that follows in the new universe might be thought of as a cosmological type of white hole. Unlike traditional white holes, this type of white hole would not be localized in space in the new universe, and its horizon would have to be identified with the cosmological horizon.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hole

Luria's XVI century cosmology

He was born in Jerusalem in 1534. His father was a Polish Jew and his mother was a Sephardic Jew; He died in Safed (Israel) in 1572.

He said - before the creation of the world, the Ein Sof ("Without Ending") filled the infinite space. When the Creation was decided upon, in order that God's attributes (which belong to other beings as well) should manifest themselves in their perfection, the Ein Sof retired into God's own nature; or, God "concentrated" (Tzimtzum) Himself. From this "concentration" proceeded the "infinite light". When in its turn the light "concentrated", there appeared in the center an empty space encompassed by ten circles or dynamic vessels (kelim) called Sefirot, ("Circled Numbers") by means of which the infinite realities, though forming an absolute unity, may appear in their diversity; for the finite has no real existence of itself. However, the infinite light did not wholly desert the center; a thin conduit of light traversed the circles and penetrated into the center. But while the three outermost circles, being of a purer substance because of their nearness to the Ein Sof, were able to bear the light, the inner six were unable to do so, and burst. It was, therefore, necessary to remove them from the focus of the light. For this purpose the Sefirot were transformed into "figures" (parzufim). Had God in the beginning created these figures instead of the Sefirot, there would have been no evil in the world, and consequently no reward and punishment; for the source of evil is in the broken Sefirot or vessels (Shvirat Keilim), while the light of the Ein Sof produces only that which is good. These five figures are found in each of the Four Worlds; namely, in the world of Emanation (atzilut), Creation (beri'ah), Formation (yetzirah), and in that of Action (asiyah), which represents the material world.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Luria

In comparison with the Big Bang mainstream theory

The main difference is that Luria's Universe started not from a superdense singularity, but from an empty sphere surrounded by a concentrated potential energy. The energy is supplied to the empty sphere and it can expand as a Quantum Black Hole. The beginning started at a certain size, and the empty sphere had its nonzero radius. This means there wasn't any space inflation, but the expansion started from a sphere surrounded by the concentrated energy.

The Dark Energy wasn't created inside the sphere, but it was supplied from outside due to outside structures. The expansion of the sphere was slow at the beginning because of the thin vacuum outside. The gravitational field of the Quantum Black Hole transformed the energy into the rest of the mass matter.

The Vacuum supplied to the sphere creates the inner space. We call it space recession. The expansion accelerates because a critical density decreases with the increase of the radius of the Universe, and the supplied energy even increases because the surface of the sphere increases too.

The question is how the matter and antimatter were separated in the process of the creation in the gravitational field of the Black Hole.

The difference in supplied Dark Energy caused the Dark Matter effect, and the creation of the very Large Cosmic Structures was possible.

The investigation of the Black Hole helps to solve the problem of the origin of our Observable Universe.

Czeslaw Hlawiczka
hlawiczes1@wp.pl
Last modification: 01 01 2009